[PDF] Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc Supplementation during Pregnancy: The Additive Value of Micronutrients on Maternal Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection | Semantic Scholar (2024)

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Obesity and micronutrients are associated with adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes by increasing symptom severity and, consequently, hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and, finally, death rates.

It is concluded that vitamin D has a role in the preservation of placental function and, therefore, in the prevention of the development of late preeclampsia, and pregnant mothers who supplemented their diets with vitamin D were protected against preeClampsia recurrence.

In some cases, a dose of 80 UI/kg/day was found to provide significant protection for acute respiratory infections, although in the major trials the only benefit was a quicker recovery and fewer respiratory symptoms, with no impact on incidence and severity of respiratory infections.

The aim of this review was to summarize the available data regarding the role of magnesium in COVID-19 patients and its particularities in different clinical settings.

Maternal anemia was the strongest predictor for prematurity in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by elevated CRP and IL-6, which have a multiplicative influence on the pregnancy result.

In conclusion, it was women who suffered from the pandemic, not the placenta nor the fetus, and it is the authors' duty as physicians to protect pregnant women, allowing the Placenta to protect the fetus.

The NLR, dNLR, PLR, and MLR scores showed to be significantly higher among patients from the prematurity group, but SII and SIRI were not significantly different between the study groups.

The variables identified in this research are crucial in determining the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines that should be addressed in this vulnerable group to increase vaccination rates.

Dentists and dental hygienists could play a crucial role in managing COVID-19 oral symptoms and contribute to improving the oral health-related quality of life of the relevant patients.

A significant presence of fungal co-infections among severe COVID-19 patients that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with drug-resistant infections is indicated.

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The role of micronutrients in boosting immunity to reduce or prevent pregnancy complications in COVID-19 infected women is highlighted.

It is imperative to screen for iron and folate deficiency in pregnancies at risk for complications, and it is recommended to supplement the nutritional intake of these two to promote the normal development and growth of the newborn and avoid multiple complications during pregnancy in the COVID-19 pandemic setting.

Serum selenium level was gradually decreased during the pregnancy period, however, this natural decrease was enhanced together with COVID‐19 infection.

The data here reported clearly indicated the existence of a connection between magnesium status and human pathology starting from intrauterine life and extending into childhood and adulthood.

It is proposed to reconsider the relevance of magnesium, frequently overlooked in clinical practice, and suggest that magnesemia should be monitored and, in case of imbalanced magnesium homeostasis, an appropriate nutritional regimen or supplementation might contribute to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce severity of COVID-19 symptoms and facilitate the recovery after the acute phase.

The importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis is highlighted.

In clinical practice, optimizing magnesium status through diet and supplementation appears to be a safe, useful, and well-documented therapy for several medical conditions.

The overall public health benefit of zinc supplementation in pregnancy appears limited and might reflect a reduction in maternal infection, a primary cause of prematurity, while further study would be needed to explore this possibility in detail.

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